A patient arrives in the emergency room presenting with involuntary jerking movements and progressive cognitive decline. Doctors conduct genetic testing revealing an expanded HTT gene CAG repeat. What condition does the test result successfully conclude?

• A) Parkinson's Disease
• B) Huntington's Disease
• C) ALS
• D) Multiple Sclerosis

When observing reduced dopamine levels in the substantia nigra, the disease inflicted causes the aggregates of WHICH protein?

• A) Tau Protein
• B) Amyloid Beta
• C) Alpha-Synuclein
• D) Prion Protein

Which protein is mutated in Wilson's disease leading to impaired copper transport and accumulation?

• A) ATP7B
• B) COMT
• C) PANK2
• D) ATP1A3

In a study on fear conditioning, researchers observed rapid plasticity in the lateral amygdala. Which neurotrophic factor, released by the postsynaptic neuron, is crucial for this process?

• A) Nerve Growth Factor (NGF)
• B) Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF)
• C) Brain-derived neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)
• D) Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3)

Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in the fight or flight response and is produced in the adrenal medulla?

• A) Dopamine
• B) Serotonin
• C) Norepinephrine
• D) Acetylcholine

Which part of the nervous system, brain region, is primarily responsible for regulating hunger and thirst?

• A) Hippocampus
• B) Ghrelin
• C) Thalamus
• D) Hypothalamus

Which lysosomal enzyme deficiency is responsible for the accumulation of sphingomyelin in Niemann-Pick Disease Type A and B?

• A) Glucocerebrosidase
• B) Alpha-Galactosidase
• C) Sphingomyelinase
• D) Hexosaminidase A

During a call, EMTs attend to a patient exhibiting symptoms of severe depression and anxiety. They transport the patient to the nearest hospital, where the patient undergoes an MRI revealing a decrease in the hippocampal volume. Which hormone is most likely elevated in this patient?

• A) Cortisol
• B) Serotonin
• C) Leptin
• D) Ghrelin

In multiple sclerosis, MS, the immune system attacks which component of the nervous system?

• A) Dendritic nucleus axonometric cord
• B) Ureter
• C) Axon
• D) Myelin Sheath

A patient involved in a severe car accident suffers from partial damage to their Broca's area. What should this patient expect difficulty with?

• A) Performing complex calculus
• B) Recognizing faces
• C) Coordinating movement
• D) Producing speech

In Alzheimer's disease, what type of plaque accumulates in the brain?

• A) Amyloid Beta
• B) Tau Tangles
• C) Prion
• D) Dense-core plaques

Which neurotransmitter is associated with feelings of pleasure and reward?

• A) Dopamine
• B) Serotonin
• C) GABA
• D) Glutamate

Which type of cell primarily consists of the blood brain barrier, or BBB?

• A) Neurons
• B) Astrocytes
• C) Glioblastoma
• D) Microglia

Which of the following is a key pathological hallmark of frontotemporal dementia, FTD?

• A) Neurofibrillary Tangles
• B) Amyloid Plaques
• C) Lewy Body Dementia
• D) Tau Protein Aggregates

Which of the following neurotrophic factors is primarily involved in the survival and maintenance of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra?

• A) BDNF
• B) GDNF
• C) NGF
• D) NT-3

Which specific microRNA has been implicated in the regulation of amyloid precursor protein, APP, expression in Alzheimer's disease?

• A) miR-155
• B) miR-29a
• C) miR-124
• D) miR-107

Which form of prion disease is characterized by rapidly progressive dementia, myoclonus, and distinctive spongiform changes in the brain?

• A) Kuru
• B) Fatal Familial Insomnia
• C) Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
• D) Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Syndrome

Which enzyme involved in the urea cycle has been linked to hyperammonemia and hepatic encephalopathy when deficient?

• A) Ornithine Transcarbamylase
• B) Arginase
• C) Carbamoyl phosphate Synthetase I
• D) Arginosuccinate Lyase

Which inherited disorder is characterized by progressive neurodegeneration due to the accumulation of lipofuscin in the body's tissue?

• A) Niemann-Pick Disease
• B) Batten Disease
• C) Gaucher disease
• D) Tay-Sachs Disease

Which molecular chaperone is crucial for the proper folding and function of the CFTR protein mutation that causes cystic fibrosis?

• A) Hsp70
• B) Hsp90
• C) Calnexin
• D) BiP

The intricate process of neurotransmitter release at the synapse involves a precise sequence of molecular events. Which of the following accurately depicts the critical steps in this process, beginning with the arrival of an action potential and culminating in vesicle fusion?

• A) Action potential -> calcium influx -> synaptotagmin activation -> vesicles docked by SNARE protein complex -> vesicle fusion
• B) Vesicles docked by SNARE protein complex -> action potential -> calcium influx -> synaptotagmin activation -> vesicle fusion
• C) Action potential -> vesicles docked by SNARE protein complex -> calcium influx -> synaptotagmin activation -> vesicle fusion
• D) Calcium influx -> synaptotagmin activation -> vesicles docked by SNARE protein complex -> vesicle fusion

Long-term potentiation, LTP, is a complex synaptic phenomenon implicated in the formation of long-term memories. It involves persistent strengthening of synapses between neurons. Which of the following best characterizes LTP?

• A) Removal of the magnesium block from NMDA receptors, followed by repeated activation of AMPA receptors, initiating a cascade of intracellular signaling events that lead to synaptic enhancement.
• B) Repeated activation of AMPA receptors, leading to the removal of the magnesium block from NMDA receptors which leads to synaptic enhancement.
• C) A form of long-term inhibitory synaptic plasticity that temporarily suppresses competing neural pathways, ultimately leading to enhanced overall network activity.
• D) None of these answer choices are correct.

Which statement accurately describes a feature of CaM kinase II and its regulation?

• A) Binding of Ca2+-calmodulin to CaM kinase II displaces the autoinhibitory segment, activating the kinase, which then autophosphorylates Thr-286 to maintain activity independent of Ca2+-calmodulin.
• B) CaM kinase II remains active in the basal state due to the autoinhibitory segment enabling substrate access.
• C) The phosphorylation of Thr-286 by CaM kinase II inactivates the kinase by allowing the autoinhibitory segment to block the active site again.
• D) CaM kinase II isoforms are exclusively found in the nucleus, with no association with postsynaptic densities or synaptic vesicles.

Neurons in the auditory cortex with ________ characteristics tend to have receptive fields that are large and encompass both contralateral and ipsilateral sides due to their bilateral excitatory input.

• A) Inhibitory
• B) Summation
• C) Suppression
• D) Excitatory

In sound localization, why do neurons in the medial superior olive, MSO, respond best when they receive coincident input from both ears?

• A) Neurons in the MSO are designed to detect high-frequency sounds, which require simultaneous input to be processed effectively.
• B) Neurons in the MSO integrate phase-locked spikes to determine the direction of sound but only respond to signals coming from the ipsilateral side.
• C) Neurons in the MSO are tuned to particular interaural time differences, ITDs, and thus respond optimally when the sound input from both ears arrives simultaneously, corresponding to their best ITD.
• D) Neurons in the MSO use interaural level differences, ILDs, to determine sound localization, so coincident input is not relevant for their function.

A patient walks into the clinic with dry mouth, blurred vision, difficulty swallowing, constipation, and urinary retention. Further analysis reveals the malfunction of a specific neurotransmitter receptor. Which type of receptor is most likely impaired?

• A) Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
• B) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
• C) Adrenergic receptors
• D) Dopaminergic receptors

What is the role of clock-controlled genes in the circadian rhythm mechanism?

• A) They are necessary for the rhythmicity of the circadian clock by feeding back on the core oscillatory mechanism.
• B) They regulate rhythmic gene expression through additional regulatory elements but do not directly impact the core oscillatory mechanism.
• C) They compete with core clock genes for E-box elements, thus disrupting the transcriptional activation of core clock genes.
• D) They exclusively control the rhythmic synthesis and secretion of arginine vasopressin, AVP, in the cerebrospinal fluid.

Which statement accurately reflects the role of the auditory cortex, AI, in sound localization?

• A) Neurons with suppression characteristics in AI tend to have wide, omnidirectional receptive fields.
• B) Lesions in the posterior auditory field and areas near the anterior ectosylvian sulcus affect sound localization on the ipsilateral side.
• C) The auditory cortex has an organized spatial map that corresponds to a sound's position in external space.
• D) Behavioral studies show that lesions in AI lead to deficits in sound localization, with deficits being frequency-specific and more pronounced when the task involves moving toward the sound source.

In a study of fear conditioning, researchers want to examine the role of the basolateral amygdala. Which of the following techniques would be most appropriate for temporarily inactivating this region in mice?

• A) Optogenetic inhibition using halorhodopsin
• B) Pharmacological inactivation with muscimol
• C) Lesioning with ibotenic acid
• D) RNA interference targeting NMDA receptors

A patient with damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex would most likely show deficits in:

• A) Working memory
• B) Emotional decision-making
• C) Visual object recognition
• D) Motor coordination